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  "createdAt": "2025-08-18T04:58:23.550Z",
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        "alt": "Finally, in the British and French Guianas and Dutch Suriname, there occurred the most extraordinary instances of marronage, the formation of what in the literature is rightly referred to as the \"Bush Negro tribes.\" These people-- the Saramaka, Matawai, Kwinti, and the Djuka, Aluku, and Paramaka-constitute the most enduring and oldest examples of continuous marronage, i10 They are a people who, in the instance of Suriname, could be until quite recently in this century described as constituting \"a state within a state.\" Their history, too, begins in the seventeenth century, somewhere near its second quarter. Richard Price, one of the best informed students of these communities, has observed:\nFor some 3o0 years, the Guianas have been the classic setting for maroon com-munities. Though local maroons in French and British Guiana were wiped out by the end of the eighteenth century, the maroons of Suriname, known as \"Bush Negroes,\" have long been the Hemisphere's largest maroon population. Except perhaps for Haiti, these have been the most highly developed independent societies and cultures in the history of Afro-America. l\nThough the ancestries of these peoples are to be traced to the Windward, Gold, and Slave Coasts and to Loango/Angola, they fought and achieved a new identity: Bush Negro. That past demands attention.\nThe conditions that produced the maroon communities and ultimately the genesis of new peoples in the Guianas and Suriname were a product of a slave system in extremis. Its most important characteristic was that for African labor Suriname became the most lethal colony in the New World. As Price remarks: \"The most striking feature of Suriname's demographic history is the extraordinary cost of its\nslave system in human lives.\" And R. D. Simons exclaimed: \"[We have seen some plantations swallow as many as four slave complements in a period of twenty-five years.\" 112 The Dutch West Indies Companies and their successors were hard pressed to",
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  "text": "[Bush Negro Tribes]…could be… described as constituting \"a state within a state.\"\n\nthe maroons of Suriname…have long been the Hemisphere's largest maroon population. Except perhaps for Haiti, these have been the most highly developed independent societies and cultures in the history of Afro-America."
}