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  "createdAt": "2025-08-30T16:56:33.597Z",
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          "alt": "2.2 Governance surfaces\nZargham and Nabben define 'governance surfaces' as 'the set of actions available to an organisation which allow it to adapt itself'.\n, including the processes for\nchanging those processes (Zargham \u0026 Nabben, 2022). This concept is related to what Elinor Ostrom describes as the 'action arena' for governance actions; the action arena includes broader considerations such as participants' relationships and 'the biophysical world' (Ostrom, 2006). As shown in Figure 1, participants in the action arena are both enabled and constrained by the governance surfaces available to them. In short, governance surfaces determine how an organisation's collective self-attention may (or may not) be converted into changes to that organisation.\n\nFigure 1: Dynamics of participatory governance as mediated by a governance surface. Participants allocate attention to governance related tasks (e.g., writing or voting on proposals). The outcome of the process results in potential outcomes for the participant (e.g., reputation increase), the system being governed (e.g., allocation of funds to a project), and external stakeholders (e.g., whoever benefits from the project's implementation).",
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  "text": "Participants allocate attention to governance related tasks (e.g., writing or voting on proposals). The outcome of the process results in potential outcomes for the participant …, the system being governed …, and external stakeholders (e.g., whoever benefits from the project's implementation)."
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